Cas proteins help acquire immunity

Simulators help improve student confidence to acquire skills in urology.

OBJECTIVE To know the level of confidence of fifth year medical students in order to perform maneuvers in bladder catheterization and rectal examination before and after training with simulators. To be able to assess student satisfaction regarding the use of the simulation as a learning method. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted in the Simulation Center of the Faculty of Medicine. A...

Different genome stability proteins underpin primed and naïve adaptation in E. coli CRISPR-Cas immunity

CRISPR-Cas is a prokaryotic immune system built from capture and integration of invader DNA into CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) loci, termed 'Adaptation', which is dependent on Cas1 and Cas2 proteins. In Escherichia coli, Cascade-Cas3 degrades invader DNA to effect immunity, termed 'Interference'. Adaptation can interact with interference ('primed'), or is in...

Human Immunization, to Acquire Active Immunity against Snake Venom

Immunity to oncogenic proteins.

In the past there was much speculation as to the existence of tumor antigens because the molecular etiology of cancer was a mystery. The molecular changes associated with malignant transformation have now either been defined or are definable by current methods. Malignant transformation is the end result of alter­ ed expression of genes related to normal cell growth control and differentiation. ...

CRISPR-Cas: an adaptive immunity system in prokaryotes

Most of the archaea and numerous bacteria possess an elaborate system of adaptive immunity to mobile genetic elements known as the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-associated system (CRISPR-Cas), which consists of arrays of short repeats interspersed with unique DNA spacers and adjacent operons encompassing CRISPR-associated (cas) genes with predicted and, in s...